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[left]作为小说史上最伟大的名侦探，夏洛克•福尔摩斯的大名是无人不知的。而作为大名鼎鼎的《福尔摩斯探案全集》的第一部作品，也是我们的华生医生作为福尔摩斯的助手和传记作家所经历的第一个案件，《血字的研究》也在世界推理小说史乃至整个近代欧洲文学史上占据着极高的地位。虽然《血字的研究》不如柯南道尔爵士后来所写作的《四签名》以及《巴斯克维尔的猎犬》那般成功且风靡全球，但是其作为爵士笔下的福尔摩斯系列的开篇之作，却有着其独特的意义。故而，通过这部书来分析一下道尔的侦探小说及其主人公夏洛克•福尔摩斯对于现代警察探案方式所起到的作用和影响，是在恰当不过的了。 [/left]
在很多人的印象中，夏洛克•福尔摩斯是一个天生的神探，他身材清瘦、身披大髦、嘴衔烟斗，有着鹰鼻和锐利的目光，他乘坐着那个时代四处可见的四轮马车，出没在伦敦的码头或者英格兰乡下夜雾笼罩的古堡。他的推理能力高强，整个欧洲的罪犯都对他闻风丧胆，使历史悠久的苏格兰场的侦探们都甘拜下风。自负的他最受不了向那些智力明显不如自己的人解释推理的过程。这位典型的英国绅士给侦探史上添上了浓墨重彩的一笔。
很多热爱侦探小说的读者常常将福尔摩斯与其他几位伟大的侦探——波洛、杜萍或者布朗神父相提并论。可是，福尔摩斯与这几位著名的神探以及其他那些有名的侦探有一个决定性的区别。他所依靠的不仅仅是自己天才的观察力和推理里，他采用的也不是那种将所有的犯罪嫌疑人召集到一起，然后从中指出罪犯的推理游戏。
在所有这些伟大的侦探当中，福尔摩斯之所以能够脱颖而出成为世界第一名探，并不是因为他比其他侦探有着更为敏锐的洞察力或者更严谨的推理，而是因为福尔摩斯对待案件的科学态度和他所拥有的对于侦探这个职业至关重要的各种知识。
不可否认，福尔摩斯所具有的观察力和推理力即使在所有世界闻名的侦探当中也是屈指可数的：在《血字的研究》，他仅仅观察了素未谋面的华生医生几秒钟，立刻判断出他曾经在阿富汗做过军医（当然，这只是福尔摩斯凭观察就能判断出对方的职业和生活习惯的众多案例中的一个）。但是，这种观察和推理是建立在平时不断积累的知识之上的。
在福尔摩斯向华生医生解释为什么他能够得知医生在阿富汗做过军医的时候曾做出了这样一段著名的推理：“这一位先生，具有医务工作者的风度，但却是一副军人气概。那么，显见他是个军医。他刚从热带回来，因为他脸色黝黑，但是，从他手腕的皮肤黑白分明看来，这并不是他原来的肤色。他面容憔悴，这就清楚地说明他是久病初愈而又历尽了艰苦。他左臂受过伤，现在动作品来还有些僵硬不便。试问，一个英国的军医在热带地方历尽艰苦，并且臂部负过伤，这能在什么地方呢？自然只有在阿富汗了。”试问，如果没有平时日积月累的观察，他怎么能够分辨出“医务工作者的风度”或者“军人的气概”？如果没有充分的医学知识，他怎么能够只看了一眼华生医生“行动不便的左臂”便得出了那里曾经受过伤的结论？而福尔摩斯伟大的推理能力和“演绎法”将他从知识和观察中得出的结论组织和联系在了一起，得到了正确的结论。而这些正是现代科学探案中所必不可少的因素。
如果读者曾经看过美国著名的侦破连续剧《C•S•I》（犯罪鉴证科）的话，各位一定会对其中的探员们模仿犯罪当时的情景，以期得知什么样的情况才会对尸体造成这样的伤害的做法印象深刻，孰不知福尔摩斯早在一百多年前就已经采用过了类似的方法。在《血字的研究》第一章中，华生医生便从小斯坦福的口中得知了“福尔摩斯先生曾经拿了一小撮植物碱给他的朋友吃，以了解药物的作用”以及“他曾经在解剖室里用棍子抽打尸体”。虽然这些做法在人们看来有些骇人听闻，但是不得不承认的是，柯南道尔笔下的这种行为，正是现代科学探案的开端。要知道，第一部系统的叙述这种科学探案方法的书籍——《科学的侦察手段》（英、斯派特著）是在《血字的研究》问世后27年才出版的，并且书中大量的援引了《福尔摩斯探案全集》当中的案例和材料。而在那之前，苏格兰场的侦探们只能一次又一次的奔波于各个杀人现场，作着徒劳无功的努力，当然也造就了一个又一个无法侦破的大案。开膛手杰克也许是这其中最著名的一例了，柯南道尔先生曾经在当时通过一点点警方披露的线索大胆而准确的断言了杰克是一个外科医生的结论。试想一下如果当时警方有人能够重视一下福尔摩斯的探案方法和科学手段，也许JTR就不会是欧洲最恐怖的未破迷案了。
在侦探小说界，从古典侦探小说流派到以阿嘉莎•克里斯蒂为代表的欧洲第二代侦探小说作家以至二战后的侦探小说作品都充斥着这样一个定式：发生凶案——侦探搜集证词——发现证词当中的漏洞——揭开谜团。而且在那些著名的侦探小说中，往往嫌疑犯都有一个固定的范围，并且犯人在犯罪之后还能够心安理得的呆在大家中间，等待着被侦探抓获。这种定式虽然是侦探小说的大势所趋，却也在一定程度上背离了小说的基础——现实生活。并且这些“名侦探”们，从来不细心的调查犯罪现场，也不会从一切犯罪残留物来判断事件的真相，更不会不避艰险，深入虎穴，调查案情。但是夏洛克•福尔摩斯会。
在今天，我们已经很难想象让肥胖的波洛或者风度翩翩的亚森•罗宾一头扎进煤堆、草丛中，找寻一切可能的线索，更不要奢望金田一耕助们只凭一点泥巴就知道犯人曾经经过哪里，从某种程度上来说这些人并不是侦探，而仅仅是推理专家。
我想真正的侦探，需要的是对犯罪现场细致的勘查和对犯罪本身严谨的态度，科学的面对一切证据，用非凡的推理力将丰富的知识和细致的观察所得到的结论紧密地联系在一起，构成一个完整的推理。就像伟大的夏洛克做的那样。
记得在《血字的研究》中，福尔摩斯在案发现场凭借“马车轮子留下的痕迹、泥地上的脚印、血字的高度、地上的墙粉、散落的烟灰和地上点点的血迹”准确地判断出了“凶手是个男人，他高六英尺多，正当中年。照他的身材来说，脚小了一点，穿着一双粗平方头靴子，抽的是印度雪茄烟。他是和被害者一同乘坐一辆四轮马车来的。这个马车用一骑马拉着，那骑马有三只蹄铁是旧的，右前蹄的蹄铁是新的。这个凶手很可能是脸色赤红，右手指甲很长。”这些推论虽然在科技发达，拥有指纹和DNA鉴定技术的现在似乎微不足道，但是如果波洛能够掌握这些知识，通过现场残留物分析出犯人的体貌特征，那么在这些固定的嫌疑犯当中，我们的比利时大侦探就能够一眼分辨出凶手，也不用如此大费周折的为搜集证词而烦恼了。
也许《血字的研究》在《福尔摩斯探案全集》当中并非非常引人注目的作品，也许他的案情设计尚不够精彩，也许他的推理还不是那么完美。但至少，他给当时的探案手段带来了一股新风，从根本上颠覆了传统的侦破理念。在《血字的研究》问世后，人们开始正视科学在破案过程中实际应用的前景，也是从那个时候起，法医和鉴证科走进了现代警察体系中。
可以这么说，《血字的研究》和《福尔摩斯探案全集》为侦破手段开创了一个全新的时代，将科学首次引入了办案过程，也让现代侦破手段有了全新的发展。所以，一些西方的犯罪学家和警界高层将柯南道尔爵士引为现代科学探案的开山之祖也不是没有道理的。
还没有看过《血字的研究》或者《福尔摩斯探案全集》的读者，希望这篇文章能够引起你们对福尔摩斯，对侦探小说的兴趣；当然也希望，科学能在更新侦破手段，更有效的打击犯罪的路上，越走越远。
英文版评论（按照原文自行翻译）：
As the most famous detective all over the world, the name of great Sherlock Holmes is known by everyone on earth. As the first work of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the study of a scarlet has a very important position in the history of detective novels, even the history of modern European literature. Although the study of a scarlet is not as famous as the other works of Sir Conan Doyle like <the sign of four>. But as the first article of the adventures of Sherlock Holmes, it also has its own special position. So, to start our instruction of Sherlock Holmes this article is exactly the right beginning.
In everyone’s mind, Sherlock Holmes was born as a gifted detective. He had perfectly mastered the skills of crime investigation; all the criminals of Europe would be scared when heard of the name of Holmes. Even the detectives of the Scotland Yard can only be modest in front of him.
People who like to read detective stories always compare Sherlock Holmes with the other famous detectives like Hercule Poirot or Father Brown. But there is a decisive difference between Sherlock Holmes and these world-famous detectives. What he relies on to solve the crime is not only his logical thought and gifted observation but also the careful investigate of the crime scenes and the great amount of knowledge about the forensic he mastered.
We can’t deny that Sherlock Holmes is a genius of logical thought. In the study of a scarlet, he only observed Dr. Watson for a little while, and pointed out that the doctor had just come back from Afghanistan. Even this is only one of those examples that Holmes got his solution by his gifted observation.
But how can he know that Dr. Watson had just come back from Afghanistan? That is because that he had noticed that Dr. Watson had a special poise of a doctor, he had got injured in his left arm by a shotgun, his skin color of his neck and arm is quite different. All these observations lead to only one answer. But how can Sherlock Holmes get this kind of answer? It is all rely on his mastering of the detective knowledge.
If any one of you had ever seen the American series < crime scene investigation>, I think you will have a very deep impression of the detectives’ imitating of the crime scene to get to know what kind of situation will give the corpse an injury like it is now showing. But you may don’t know, Sherlock Holmes had already use the same kind of way to research these kind of puzzles.
In the 1st chapter of< the study of a scarlet.>, Doctor Watson knows from Stanfield the Junior that “Holmes once made his friend eat a little alkali to see the impact of the pharmaceutics” or “he once beat the corpse by a wood rod in the dissection room”. Although these kind of action seems to be a little bit horrible, but what we had to acknowledge is that these behaviors written by Sir Conan Doyle is exactly the beginning of modern Crime investigation. As a matter of fact, the 1st article which narrate the method of the modern crime investigation orderly is published 27 years later than The sir Conan Doyle’s work was finished, quoted amounts of cases and materials from 《The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes》. And before that, the detectives from of the Scotland Yard could only rush among various murder scenes in vain, certainly, leaving unsolved cases one after another. The case of Jack the Ripper may be one of the most famous cases that the Scotland Yard couldn’t solve. Sir Conan Doyle had once made a precise conclusion that Jack the Ripper is a surgery physician from the little clues given by the police through newspapers. We can imagine that JTR will not have become the most enigmatic case in Europe if the detectives of that time could pay any attention to Holmes’ scientific ways of investigate.
In the field of detective novels, from the classical novel flow to the 2nd generation of Europe detective novelist represented by Agatha Christie , and even the detective novelists after the 2nd world war, their works was fixed in one model : murder occurred——detectives getting testimony from the witnesses——finding leaks of these words——solving the puzzle. In the outstanding detective stories, the murderers are often in regular confines. Although this fixed model is the tendency of the development of detective novels, but to some extents, it is a deviation from the basis of detective stories——actual life. These famous detectives will never search in the scenes carefully; never get truth from any keepsake from the murder; even never go to these dangerous places without thinking for their own safety. But Sherlock Holmes does.
Today, we can not imagine corpulent Poirot or the gentleman Ars en Lupin search in the coal heaps or grass clumps to get some uncertain clues, evenly not think of that they will be able to know where the murderer come from only by the help of some mud. In my opinion, these guys are not real detectives, but only some experts of logic.
I think what a real detective need is that the careful search in the scenes and the scrupulous attitude to the commit itself. Using outstanding logical capacity to combine abundant knowledge and conclusions came from cautious observation, and then getting an integrated logic. Just like the great Sherlock Holmes.
In <the study of a scarlet>, relying on “the trails made by the carriage, the footprints on the mud ,the height of the bloody words, the scattered ash and the blood spots on the floor”, Sherlock Holmes accurately states that “the murder is a middle aged man with the height of 6 inches. According to the stature, his feet are a litter bit smaller. He wears a heavy boot, smokes Indian cigars, and came here by a carriage together with the victim. A horse with three worn iron hoofs and a new hoof on its right forefoot hauled the carriage. The murder is most likely to be a man with red complexion and long finger nail on his right hand.”
These logic seems to be useless when the finger print and DNA identifying technology has been invented today, but if Poirot can acquire these knowledge and analyze the feature of the murder from the keepsake of the scene, our great Belgium detective can at once distinguish the murder from the fixed suspects, and needn’t to be worried about getting the witness’ words.
Maybe < the study of a scarlet > is not the most attractive one in the 《adventures of Sherlock Holmes》and its structure of the case still has a large distance to perfect ones. But at least, it brings us a new concept to the detective method at that time, and subverted the traditional detective concept from the root. After the publishing of the < the study of a scarlet>, people began to face the future of the appliance of the science in the course of solving the cases. It was that time that the modern forensic had come into the system of the modern police.
We can say that <the study of a scarlet> and 《the adventures of Sherlock Holmes》、had bring us to a new age to the detective methods and lead it to a totally different development. So it’s reasonable that some western commit experts and the heads of the police consider Sherlock Holmes as the 1st man of modern detective.
Those who haven’t read < the study of a scarlet >, I hope this article can bring up your interests to the world of Sherlock Holmes and even to the detective stories. I sincerely hope that science can go further along the road of striking the crime more effectively by newer methods.
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发表于 2005-2-28 21:31:25
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