[2007.3.22][转贴][APTX青山病院]吃花生与“怀孕暂停”

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[U]http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=65648[/U]

The 'Pregnant Pause' For Eating Peanuts

Article Date: 21 Mar 2007 - 1:00 PDT

For nearly 10 years, women in the UK with a family history of atopy (asthma, eczema or hay fever), have been advised to avoid eating peanuts during pregnancy and breast-feeding. New research led by Dr Tara Dean and carried out at The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre on the Isle of Wight (UK) suggests, however, that there is much confusion about peanut-eating: is it mothers-to-be who misunderstand, or health professionals who do not correctly target and explain the messages?

In 1998 the Department of Health issued advice that "pregnant or breast-feeding women who are themselves atopic, or where another first-degree relative of the child is atopic, may wish to avoid eating peanuts and peanut products during pregnancy and lactation". To assess compliance with, and the effects of this recommendation, researchers questioned nearly 840 pregnant women about their diets, and 2 years later, nearly 660 children had skin prick tests to detect peanut sensitization.

"We were surprised to find that 65 per cent of mothers had avoided peanuts during pregnancy" said Carina Venter (allergy specialist dietitian and senior research fellow at the University of Portsmouth) who worked on project. Perhaps even more surprising, was that there was no difference between women with atopy (to whom the advice applied) and women without (to whom it did not). "Peanut avoidance appears to be perceived as a general dietary recommendation during pregnancy. First-time mothers were most receptive to the message, and were almost twice as likely as 'repeat' mothers to change their diets," said Carina.

When the children were 2 years of age, 13 children out of the nearly 660 children tested were found to be sensitized to peanuts (2 per cent of the sample). Eleven of the 13 sensitized children had a family history of atopy. Of the 13 sensitised children, 10 mothers stated that they had avoided peanuts during pregnancy. The advice on peanuts should be reviewed, conclude the researchers of this study. "No Peanuts" was being confused as universal guidance during pregnancy, and further, maternal peanut avoidance during pregnancy did not appear to be associated with subsequent peanut sensitization in infants.

-- The 1998 Department of Health advice was issued by the Chief Medical Officer. Calman K. (1998) Peanut Allergy. CMO's Update 19 August 1998, Vol 2. London

-- Dean T, Venter C, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Higgins B. (2007) Government advice on peanut avoidance during pregnancy - is it followed correctly and what is the impact on sensitization? Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 20, 95-99

-- The British Dietetic Association, founded in 1936, is the professional association for registered dietitians in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is the nation's largest organisation of food and nutrition professionals with nearly 6,000 members. About two-thirds of members are employed in the National Health Service. The remaining members work in education, industry, research, sport settings or freelance.

6. Registered dietitians hold the only legally-recognisable graduate qualification in nutrition and dietetics. They are experts in interpreting and translating the science of nutrition into practical ways of promoting nutritional well-being, disease treatment and the prevention of nutrition-related problems. Their advice is sound and based on current scientific evidence.

-- Registration, awarded by the Health Professionals Council, is an indication that a dietitian is fit to practise and is working within an agreed statement of conduct. For further details about The British Dietetic Association, please visit our websites: [U]http://www.bda.uk.com,[/U] [U]http://www.bdaweightwise.com,[/U] [U]http://www.teenweightwise.com[/U]






The 'Pregnant Pause' For Eating Peanuts
吃花生与“怀孕暂停”

For nearly 10 years, women in the UK with a family history of atopy (asthma, eczema or hay fever), have been advised to avoid eating peanuts during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
近十年来，美国那些患有特异性反应家族史的妇女（例如哮喘，湿疹，花粉症）都被建议在怀孕和哺乳期避免吃花生。

New research led by Dr Tara Dean and carried out at The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre on the Isle of Wight (UK) suggests, however, that there is much confusion about peanut-eating: is it mothers-to-be who misunderstand, or health professionals who do not correctly target and explain the messages?
在一个位于英国小岛的The David Hide 哮喘与过敏症研究中心里，Tara Dean 博士正牵头进行一项新研究。他认为尽管在吃花生方面有太多禁忌，但是无论是母亲还是健康 专家都很难正确解释和对待这件事。

In 1998 the Department of Health issued advice that "pregnant or breast-feeding women who are themselves atopic, or where another first-degree relative of the child is atopic, may wish to avoid eating peanuts and peanut products during pregnancy and lactation".
在1998年，健康部门发出建议：怀孕期或者哺乳期的妇女，如果她们本身患有遗传性过敏症，或者她们的直系亲属患有该病，在她们怀孕和哺乳的时候应该尽量避免吃花生或者花生产品。

To assess compliance with, and the effects of this recommendation, researchers questioned nearly 840 pregnant women about their diets, and 2 years later, nearly 660 children had skin prick tests to detect peanut sensitization.
为了监测依从性已经这项建议的作用，研究者询问了差不多840个怀孕妇女她们的饮食状况，两年后，大约660个孩子进行了皮肤穿刺试验来监测花生敏感度。

"We were surprised to find that 65 per cent of mothers had avoided peanuts during pregnancy" said Carina Venter (allergy specialist dietitian and senior research fellow at the University of Portsmouth) who worked on project. Perhaps even more surprising, was that there was no difference between women with atopy (to whom the advice applied) and women without (to whom it did not).
我们惊奇的发现大约65％的母亲在怀孕时避免吃花生（Portsmouth大学敏感症营养专家和高级研究员进行这项研究），更让人惊奇的是，这个比例在遗传性过敏症患者和非遗传性过敏症患者之间没有什么太大区别，尽管前者要求避免吃花生，后者没有要求。

"Peanut avoidance appears to be perceived as a general dietary recommendation during pregnancy. First-time mothers were most receptive to the message, and were almost twice as likely as 'repeat' mothers to change their diets," said Carina.
避开花生成为怀孕时期饮食须知的一个常识，初次怀孕的妇女接受这个信息，第二次怀孕的妇女同样再次改变她们的饮食。Carina.说道。

When the children were 2 years of age, 13 children out of the nearly 660 children tested were found to be sensitized to peanuts (2 per cent of the sample). Eleven of the 13 sensitized children had a family history of atopy. Of the 13 sensitised children, 10 mothers stated that they had avoided peanuts during pregnancy.
当孩子们2岁的时候，660个孩子中的13个检测发现他们对花生过敏（2％的比例），13个孩子11个有家族过敏遗传史，而13个孩子的母亲均表示她们在怀孕的时候避免吃花生。

the advice on peanuts should be reviewed, conclude the researchers of this study. "No Peanuts" was being confused as universal guidance during pregnancy, and further, maternal peanut avoidance during pregnancy did not appear to be associated with subsequent peanut sensitization in infants.
根据这项研究得出的结论，这个不吃花生的建议应该被重新评价，它被普遍认为是怀孕中的一项禁忌，但是，怀孕时吃不吃花生与以后的婴儿是否对花生过敏没有直接的联系。

下面的内容应该属于正文中出现的参考文献和背景资料。
-- The 1998 Department of Health advice was issued by the Chief Medical Officer. Calman K. (1998) Peanut Allergy. CMO's Update 19 August 1998, Vol 2. London
－1998年卫生部医学办公室声明，Calman K. (1998)怀孕敏感症，CMO1998年8月19日更新，第二卷，伦敦。

-- Dean T, Venter C, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Higgins B. (2007) Government advice on peanut avoidance during pregnancy - is it followed correctly and what is the impact on sensitization? Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 20, 95-99
-- Dean T, Venter C, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Higgins B. (2007)怀孕中避免花生的官方建议－它是否被正确执行与敏感症的发生有什么关系？人类营养和饮食期刊
20, 95-99

-- The British Dietetic Association, founded in 1936, is the professional association for registered dietitians in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is the nation's largest organisation of food and nutrition professionals with nearly 6,000 members. About two-thirds of members are employed in the National Health Service. The remaining members work in education, industry, research, sport settings or freelance.
英国饮食联合会，1936年建立，大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国专业的饮食机构，它是这个国家最大的饮食和营养专业组织，大约有6000个会员，她们中的三分之二是国家健康服务部门的雇员，其他的成员在教育，工业，研究，体育行业工作，还有一些是自由职业者。

6. Registered dietitians hold the only legally-recognisable graduate qualification in nutrition and dietetics. They are experts in interpreting and translating the science of nutrition into practical ways of promoting nutritional well-being, disease treatment and the prevention of nutrition-related problems. Their advice is sound and based on current scientific evidence.
注册的饮食师是那些拥有在营养和饮食方面合法认定的学位资格的人，他们是将科学的营养学知识传递给大众的专业人士，以提高饮食健康，防治饮食相关疾病。他们的建议通常来自于最新的科学研究。

-- Registration, awarded by the Health Professionals Council, is an indication that a dietitian is fit to practise and is working within an agreed statement of conduct. For further details about The British Dietetic Association, please visit our websites: [U]http://www.bda.uk.com,[/U] [U]http://www.bdaweightwise.com,[/U] [U]http://www.teenweightwise.com[/U]
健康专业评审会登记和审查，标志一种饮食复合应用标准，被政府认可。想获取更多的英国饮食联盟的细节信息，请登陆我们的网站，网址是：
[U]http://www.bda.uk.com,[/U] [U]http://www.bdaweightwise.com,[/U] [U]http://www.teenweightwise.com[/U]




　　　　　　　　　　怀孕期是否应该暂停吃花生
　近十年来，美国那些患有特异性反应家族史的妇女（例如哮喘，湿疹，花粉症）都被建议在怀孕和哺乳期避免吃花生。在一个位于英国小岛的哮喘与过敏症研究中心里，Tara Dean 博士正牵头进行一项新的研究。博士认为尽管人们在对待吃花生方面有太多禁忌，但是无论是怀孕妇女还是健康专家都很难正确解释为什么要采取这些忌讳。
　　1998年，健康部门曾经建议：怀孕期或者哺乳期的妇女，如果她们本身患有遗传性过敏症，或者她们的直系亲属患有该病，在她们怀孕和哺乳的时候应该尽量避免吃花生或者花生产品。
　　为了反馈这项建议的作用效果，研究者询问了差不多840个怀孕妇女她们的饮食状况，两年后，对大约660个新生儿进行了皮肤穿刺试验来测试他们是否对花生存在过敏反应。
　　Portsmouth大学敏感症营养专家和高级研究员在试验中惊奇的发现，大约65％的母亲在怀孕时避免吃花生，更让人惊奇的是，这个比例在遗传性过敏症患者和非遗传性过敏症患者之间没有什么太大区别，尽管前者要求避免吃花生，后者在吃花生的问题上没有要求。
　　Carina博士认为，花生禁忌成为怀孕时期饮食须知的一个常识，初次怀孕的妇女对此都很认可，而二次怀孕的妇女也会改变她们的饮食避免吃花生．
　　当那660个被跟踪观察的孩子们2周岁的时候，其中有13个被发现对花生过敏（占总群体的2％比例），这13个孩子中，11个有家族过敏遗传史，而这13个孩子的母亲均表示她们在怀孕的时候避免吃花生。由此研究者认为，虽然怀孕期间不吃花生的建议作为怀孕期饮食禁忌已经被广泛认可，但是它的正确性应该被重新评估，因为怀孕时吃不吃花生与以后的婴儿是否对花生过敏没有直接的联系．

下面的内容应该属于正文中出现的参考文献和背景资料。
　　－1998年卫生部医学办公室声明，Calman K. (1998)怀孕敏感症，CMO1998年8月19日更新，第二卷，伦敦。
　　－ Dean T, Venter C, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Higgins B. (2007)怀孕中避免花生的官方建议－它是否被正确执行与敏感症的发生有什么关系？人类营养和饮食期刊20, 95-99
　　英国饮食联合会是1936年建立的，它的全称是大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国专业的饮食机构，它是英国最大的饮食和营养专业组织，大约有6000个会员．会员中的三分之二是国家健康服务部门的雇员，其他的成员在教育，工业，研究，体育行业工作，还有一些是自由职业者。
　　注册饮食师是那些拥有在营养和饮食方面合法认定的学位资格的人，他们是将科学的营养学知识传递给大众的专业人士，以提高饮食健康，防治饮食相关疾病。他们的建议通常来自于最新的科学研究。
　　健康专业评审会登记和审查，标志一种饮食复合应用标准，被政府认可。
　　想获取更多的英国饮食联盟的细节信息，请登陆官方网站，网址是：
[U]http://www.bda.uk.com,[/U]
[U]http://www.bdaweightwise.com,[/U]
[U]http://www.teenweightwise.com[/U]

背景资料：以前关于怀孕或哺乳妇女食用花生易使子女对花生过敏的报道

　　英国研究员周一发表报告指出，越来越多的孩童对花生过敏，成因或为越来越多的怀孕或哺乳妇女食用花生。

　　英国David Hide气喘与过敏研究中心指出，在单一医学中心检测出孩童对花生过敏呈阳性反应的百分比，较1989年增加三倍。

　　他们对1,246名在1994-1996年之间出生的孩童进行测试。每一名孩童进行皮肤穿刺，以检验是否对花生过敏；在父母亲方面，则询问是否有气喘、花粉热与溼疹病史，以及与食物过敏相关的问题，包括花生过敏以及其他严重的过敏反应。

　　本篇报告在过敏与临床免疫期刊(Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology)上发表，研究员指出，41名或3.3%接受测试的孩童对花生呈现阳性反应，而1989年的研究中，阳性反应的百分比为1.1%。

　　对花生过敏呈阳性的孩童，具有高度的遗传性过敏反应；半数曾有气喘病史，且几乎全都罹患溼疹。

　　对花生过敏的病例并不常见，但却可能致命。医生表示，有家族过敏病史的妇女在怀孕或哺乳时，不应该食用花生；而有此家族病史的婴儿也不该被喂食花生。